Objective. There is a real risk of transmitting HIV through open wounds during participation in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete s knowledge and attitudes towards HIV transmission in a competitive sport environment how their sporting codes; demographics; knowledge and interaction with colleagues influenced their attitudes. Design. A questionnaire was administered to elite athletes (N = 575) competing in 11 sport codes including high; medium and low-risk sports; and undergraduate students (N = 46) from a Sport Science Department. Athletes from all economic backgrounds; who competed at national; provincial or at first-division level; were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed during national tournaments and training sessions. Results. Sixty-three per cent of athletes believed that a risk of HIV transmission exists in sport participation. Fiftyeight per cent believed that they had a right to know if a teammate/opponent was HIV-positive; and 62 believed that all athletes should be tested for HIV. Fifty per cent of the respondents indicated that they would participate against individuals who were HIV-positive. Most athletes (88) believed that more education on HIV transmission in sport was needed and 58 felt that HIV should be a notifiable disease in sport. Forty-six per cent of the athletes indicated that they would participate in competition even though they were HIV-positive. Conclusion. The threat of infection or transmission did not deter athletes who were afflicted or unafflicted with HIV from participating in competitive sports