Previous analyses of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) identified four main dietary patterns (DP). The aim of this study was to explore the association between the previously defined DP and renal function (RF). A cross-sectional study using the ELSA-Brasil baseline data was carried out. DP ("traditional", "fruits and vegetables", "bakery", and "low sugar/low fat), metabolic syndrome (MS) using the Joint Interim Statement criteria, microalbuminuria (MA), and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) through the CKD-EPI equation were evaluated. Abnormal RF was defined as eGFR<60 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 and MA≥3.0 mg/dL. Factors associated with RF were determined and mediation analysis was performed to investigate the association between DP, MS, and RF. A total of 15,105 participants were recruited, with a mean age of 52±9 years; 8,134 participants (54%) were females. The mediation analysis identified indirect associations between "bakery" and "fruits and vegetables", and both were associated with decreased eGFR and albuminuria in both genders, compared with "traditional" and "low sugar/low fat" patterns in the general population. There was a direct association of the "bakery" pattern with MA in men (OR: 1.17, 95%CI: 1.92-1.48). The "fruits and vegetables" pattern also showed a direct association with reduced eGFR in women (OR: 1.65, 95%CI: 1.28-2.12), although there was no significance after adjustment. The "fruits and vegetables" and "bakery" DPs were associated with renal dysfunction. The only independent, direct association was between "bakery" DP and MA in men, raising concerns about DP and renal damage in men.