Etiología de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el adulto inmunocompetente
Etiology of comuunity-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults
Rev. chil. enferm. respir; 21 (2), 2005
Publication year: 2005
In an ideal clinical setting, empiric antimicrobial treatment prescribed in adult community acquired pneumonia (CAP) should be based on national etiological surveillance and in vitro susceptibility assays. Available information about etiology in ambulatory patients and intensive care unit (ICU) patients is scarce, compared to information obtained in hospitalized patients. In studies designed to explore the etiology of pneumonia, no microorganism is detected in 40-50% of patients, a fact that represents limited yields in diagnostic methods. In all settings, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main respiratory pathogen recovered in adults CAP, being responsible of about 16% of cases among ambulatory patients and about 22% of those admitted to hospital and ICU.
About one third of cases are caused by a small group of microorganisms:
Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, respiratory viruses, Staphylococcus aureus, gramnegative bacillus, Legionella sp; each one is isolated in less than 10% of cases. In general, microorganism distribution varies scarcely in the following attending settings: ambulatory patients, common wards and ICU. An exception is represented by a higher frequency of gram negative bacillus, S. aureus and Legionella sp in ICU, and of C. pneumoniae in the ambulatory setting. In Chile, CAP etiology in hospitalized adult patients is similar to foreign reports; no systematic information has been collected about the etiology in neither ambulatory patients nor in severe CAP.
En la situación clínica ideal, el tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico prescrito en la neumonía del adulto adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) debería estar basado en el resultado de los estudios microbiológicos realizados en el medio nacional. La información disponible sobre la etiología en el medio ambulatorio y la UCI es relativamente escasa, en comparación con la referida al medio intrahospitalario. En los estudios diseñados específicamente para estudiar los agentes causales, en 40-50% de los casos no se identifica el patógeno respiratorio, lo que pone de manifiesto las dificultades de los métodos diagnósticos. En todos los escenarios de atención, Streptococcus pneumoniae es el principal patógeno respiratorio aislado en la NAC del adulto, siendo responsable de 16% de los casos tratados en el medio ambulatorio y de alrededor de 22% de los casos admitidos al hospital y la UCI.