Malaria occurs mostly in the tropical regions of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa is the area most affected. The occurrence of a very efficient mosquito vectors Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus group sustain high transmission of the Plasmodium falciparum, the most predominant and deadly malaria parasite species. Local weather conditions are appropriate and often transmission occurs throughout the year. Limited resources and socio-economic instability constitute the major factors impeding efficient malaria control activities. The worldwide malaria eradication programme carried out during the 1950's focused mainly on insecticide residual spraying with DDT, anti-malarial drug treatment, and surveillance. Regional eradication of the disease was achieved, nevertheless, in many endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa excluded from the eradication campaign, the disease is still afflicting their inhabitants. The malaria disease burden estimation in tropical Africa relies on mortality and morbidity data collected by the health system information. Conservative estimates of the burden of disease claim for more than 300 million clinical episodes and 1 - 3 million deaths every year and young children harbour the largest and most important portion of this bulk. Currently, the situation is deteriorating, increasing malaria-related morbidity and mortality have been reported. The rapid development and widespread of parasites strains resistant to almost all anti-malarial drugs, and vector resistance are the major contributing factors. In addition, global climate change is affecting the health of human populations, including changes in the transmission and seasonality of vector-borne diseases. The range of factors affecting transmission and distribution of vector-borne diseases, particularly malaria, include those related to temperature, humidity and precipitation. In Mozambique, malaria is endemic throughout the country, due to a multitude of factors such as climatic/environmental (favourable temperatures and rain patterns, abundant breeding sites) and socio-economical (poverty related improper housing/shelter, unaffordable preventive means).